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ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2017 | Volume
: 20
| Issue : 2 | Page : 81-85 |
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| Preservation of root canal anatomy using self-adjusting file instrumentation with glide path prepared by 20/0.02 hand files versus 20/0.04 rotary files |
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Niharika Jain1, Ajinkya M Pawar2, Piyush D Ukey3, Prashant K Jain3, Bhagyashree Thakur4, Abhishek Gupta5
1 Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
2 Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, D Y Patil Dental School, Pune, Maharashtra, India
3 Discipline of Mechanical Engineering, PDPM Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
4 Department of Dentistry, Sir HN Reliance Foundation Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
5 Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Click here for correspondence address and email
| Date of Submission | 11-Jan-2016 |
| Date of Decision | 01-Oct-2016 |
| Date of Acceptance | 01-Dec-2016 |
| Date of Web Publication | 4-Aug-2017 |
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 Abstract | | |
Objectives: To compare the relative axis modification and canal concentricity after glide path preparation with 20/0.02 hand K-file (NITIFLEX®) and 20/0.04 rotary file (HyFlex™ CM) with subsequent instrumentation with 1.5 mm self-adjusting file (SAF).
Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty ISO 15, 0.02 taper, Endo Training Blocks (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) were acquired and randomly divided into following two groups (n = 60): group 1, establishing glide path till 20/0.02 hand K-file (NITIFLEX®) followed by instrumentation with 1.5 mm SAF; and Group 2, establishing glide path till 20/0.04 rotary file (HyFlex™ CM) followed by instrumentation with 1.5 mm SAF. Pre- and post-instrumentation digital images were processed with MATLAB R 2013 software to identify the central axis, and then superimposed using digital imaging software (Picasa 3.0 software, Google Inc., California, USA) taking five landmarks as reference points. Student's t-test for pairwise comparisons was applied with the level of significance set at 0.05.
Results: Training blocks instrumented with 20/0.04 rotary file and SAF were associated less deviation in canal axis (at all the five marked points), representing better canal concentricity compared to those, in which glide path was established by 20/0.02 hand K-files followed by SAF instrumentation.
Conclusion: Canal geometry is better maintained after SAF instrumentation with a prior glide path established with 20/0.04 rotary file. Keywords: Canal deviation; glide path; HyFlex™ CM; NITIFLEX®; rotary file; self-adjusting file
How to cite this article:
Jain N, Pawar AM, Ukey PD, Jain PK, Thakur B, Gupta A. Preservation of root canal anatomy using self-adjusting file instrumentation with glide path prepared by 20/0.02 hand files versus 20/0.04 rotary files. J Conserv Dent 2017;20:81-5 |
How to cite this URL:
Jain N, Pawar AM, Ukey PD, Jain PK, Thakur B, Gupta A. Preservation of root canal anatomy using self-adjusting file instrumentation with glide path prepared by 20/0.02 hand files versus 20/0.04 rotary files. J Conserv Dent [serial online] 2017 [cited 2023 Mar 29];20:81-5. Available from: https://www.jcd.org.in/text.asp?2017/20/2/81/212231 |
| Introduction | |  |
Nickel–titanium (NiTi) rotary instruments were introduced to improve root canal preparation. Repetitive load acting on an instrument results in fatigue failure (bending normal stress), material removal by shearing action, and torque failure (torsional shear stress), leading to breakage of the instrument in clinical practice.[1],[2],[3] Various other factors might contribute to increase these stresses such as excessive pressure on the handpiece,[4] a wide area of contact between the canal walls and the cutting edge of the instrument or, if the canal section is smaller than the dimension of the nonactive or noncutting tip of the instrument,[5],[6] the latter case might lead to a taper lock, especially with regularly tapered instruments.[7] The risk of a taper lock might be reduced by performing coronal enlargement [8],[9] and by creating a glide path before using NiTi rotary instrumentation, both manual and mechanical.[10],[11]
To minimize iatrogenic complications, precurved stainless steel files (usually size 6, 8, and 10 files of 0.02 taper) should be used to explore the root canal system. Once canal patency is obtained, the canal can be enlarged with larger hand files (size 15 and 20 files of 0.02 taper) to establish a “glide path” before the first crown-down rotary instrument is introduced into the canal.[8],[10],[11]
A glide path is defined as a smooth, though possibly narrow, tunnel or passage from the coronal orifice of the canal to the radiographic terminus or electronically determined portal of exit.[12] Maintenance of a glide path means having a smooth passage that is reproducible by files used successively in the canal. All available NiTi rotary instruments have noncutting tips, and because of their extreme flexibility, these instruments are not designed for initial negotiation of the root canal.[13] For root canal preparation, a rotary instrument should not be used, unless a hand instrument has been placed before.[14]
Glide path preparation is, therefore, commonly recommended when using many rotary and reciprocating file systems. Using small stainless steel hand files, a glide path must be created to create or verify that within any portion of the root canal, there will be sufficient space for a rotary instrument to follow.[15] Moreover, before using NiTi rotary instrumentation, the root canal should be manually preflared to create a glide path.[10] Numerous studies have proposed that the root canal diameter should be at least one size larger than the tip of the first rotary instrument to be used in that root canal. Such preparation is especially important in curved canals, where the glide path aims to minimize the risk of procedural errors such as canal transportation, ledging, and file fracture.[8],[9],[16] In the case of the self-adjusting file (SAF) system (ReDent-Nova, Ra'anana, Israel), glide path preparation is especially important because this file, as opposed to most rotary and reciprocating files, has no penetration ability per se.[17] This study was designed to compare the relative axis modification and canal concentricity after a glide path prepared with two types of files such as 20/0.02 hand K-file (NITIFLEX ®, Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and 20/0.04 rotary file (HyFlex™ CM NiTi File, Coltene-Whaledent, Switzerland) in simulated root canals of resin blocks with 1.5 mm SAF.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Simulated canals
One hundred and twenty Endo Training Blocks (ISO 15, 0.02; Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) with an apical diameter of 15 mm and working length (WL) of 16 mm were acquired. The patency of these simulated canals was confirmed by passing a size 10 K-file just beyond the apex. After coloring each simulated canal with red ink (Quink, Parker, France) injected with a syringe, five landmarks were marked in each block. Each specimen was mounted on a stable support consisting of a rectangular slot of the size of the specimen (30 mm × 10 mm). Support for a digital camera (Nikon D90, Tokyo, Japan) was positioned centrally and at 90° to the specimen. Digital images of all specimens before instrumentation were obtained and saved as.TIFF format files.
Materials
Two files were used for establishing glide path before SAF instrumentation: 20/0.02 NITIFLEX ® hand K-file (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) and 20/0.04 rotary HyFlex™ CM file (Coltene-Whaledent, Switzerland).
Study design
The acquired 120 Endo Training Blocks were randomly divided into the following two groups:
- Group 1: 20/0.02 glide path preparation followed by SAF instrumentation
- Group 2: 20/0.04 glide path preparation followed by SAF instrumentation.
The concept of the study design was to test a recently proposed protocol for SAF instrumentation by Kfir et al. (2015),[17] and its effect on the canal geometry.
Instrumentation of the canals
A new instrument was used for each canal in all the groups. Glyde™ File Prep (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) was used as a lubricant before the utilization of each instrument, and saline was used for irrigation during preparation. The canals were instrumented by SAF (1.5/21 mm) described in the following sections with glide path preparation prepared using either 20/0.02 hand K-file or 20/0.04 rotary file.
Group 1: 20/0.02 hand K-file glide path + self-adjusting file instrumentation
Glide path in sixty training blocks was established till #20 hand files using NITIFLEX ® (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland). Glyde™ File Prep (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) was used as a lubricant before the utilization of each instrument, and saline was used for irrigation during preparation. A SAF 1.5 mm file (ReDent-Nova, Israel) was introduced into the canal to the apex, using an RDT3 handpiece head (ReDent-Nova, Israel) with a torque control motor (X-smart Plus™, Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland,) at a frequency of 83.3 Hz (5000 movements per minute) with an amplitude of 0.4 mm. It was used for 4 min in a pecking motion according to manufacturers' instructions. The SAF was connected to a VATEA System Irrigator (ReDent-Nova, Israel) that pumped saline at the rate of 5 mL/min in a continuous flow. A total of 20 mL saline was used for each root. No accurate final diameter or taper of the preparation could be assumed because the SAF has no specific size or taper.
Group 2: 20/0.04 hand K-file glide path + self-adjusting file instrumentation
Glide path for the sixty blocks in this group was prepared with 20/0.04 rotary files using HyFlex™ CM (Coltene-Whaledent, Switzerland). This file was used in the endo motor (X-smart Plus™) at a rotational speed of 500 rpm with torque set at 2.5 Ncm. Glyde™ File Prep (Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland) was used as a lubricant, and saline was used as an irrigant. Following establishment of glide path till WL, the canals were instrumented using 1.5 mm SAF in a similar way as described in Group 1.
After the completion of instrumentation of both the groups, black ink (Quink, Parker, France) was injected in the instrumented training blocks, which were repositioned in the slot and photographed, as earlier described and postoperative images were acquired.
Image analysis and assessment of canal preparation
The pre- and post-instrumented images were magnified and cropped to focus on the canal geometry [Figure 1], Stage 1]. These images were imported into MATLAB R 2013 software (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA) for image processing, where a software program was written in MATLAB code to convert the images to grayscale images, automatically identifying the mean axis of each canal [Figure 1], Stage 2]. These final grayscale images were then saved in.jpeg format with a pixel size of 1504 × 3504. Using digital imaging software (Picasa 3.0 software, Google Inc., California, USA), the preinstrumentation digital images were superimposed on the postinstrumentation images, taking the landmarks as reference points [Figure 1], Stage 3]. | Figure 1: The analysis using MATLAB R software (Stages 1, 2) and the Picasa software (Stage 3)
Click here to view |
Measurements in millimeters were carried out at five different points: at the canal orifice (A), half-way to the orifice in the straight section (B), the beginning of the curve (C), the apex of the curve (D), and the end point (E) [Figure 2]. | Figure 2: Representative image of the root canal within the Endo Training Block, pre instrumented marked with 5 five fixed reference points (A, B, C, D and E) for analysis after instrumentation
Click here to view |
Data presentation and analysis
This evaluated the deviation of the simulated canals in the Endo Training Blocks after SAF instrumentation with glide paths prepared either using 20/0.02 hand K-files or 20/0.04 rotary files at five points. Student's t-test was applied to each of the five points in the two groups with the significance level set at P < 0.05 (SPSS software Version 20; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
| Results | | |
The results are summarized in [Table 1]. Group 1 (20/0.02 NiTi hand file with SAF) showed more deviation in canal axis at any measured point. Group 2 (20/0.04 NiTi rotary file with SAF) showed less deviation in canal axis at all five points; A, B, C, D, and E [Figure 3]. At all the five points, there was a significant difference in P value between these two groups [Graph 1]. No macroscopic deformations or fractures of any instrument occurred during the experiment. | Table 1: The mean, standard deviations, and the P values of the deviation of the central canals for both the groups
Click here to view |
 | Figure 3: Representative image of both the groups showing overlapped (pre- and post-operative). (a) 20/0.02 glide path + self-adjusting file instrumentation; (b) 20/0.04 glide path + self-adjusting file instrumentation
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
The present study aimed at comparing the shaping performance of the SAF system in Endo Training Blocks, with 20/0.02 (hand) and 20/0.04 (rotary) initial glide path preparation. Coronal enlargement/funneling and prior creation of a glide path are essential for safe use of NiTi mechanized instrumentation.[8],[10],[11] A glide path is prepared, assuming it to maintain the patency of the root canal from the coronal opening to the apical foramen.[17] The SAF being a hollow file with extreme flexibility, cannot be forced into the canal per se; therefore, preparation of the glide path before using the SAF is important.
The SAF file is different from rotary and reciprocating file systems. The tip of the file has an asymmetrical shape.[18] It is located at the wall of the tube-like SAF as opposed to the symmetrical-centered tips found in the conventional NiTi rotary files. The file is claimed to bend more easily to the side at which its tip is located than to the other three sides,[17] thus making it easier for the file to follow curvatures in this direction.
Although many other file systems require the creation of a glide path to assist their instrumentation and prevent potential procedural errors,[19] the SAF cannot properly function in narrow curved canals without straight-line access and a glide path. In such cases, the SAF is impeded from reaching WL before the mechanized procedure begins.[17],[18],[20] If straight-line access is not established, the SAF file may buckle, and if an adequate glide path is not created, the file may fail to reach WL in narrow curved canals.[17]
In the current study, a new protocol of glide path preparation for SAF instrumentation in curved canals was tested,[17] for the performance of which, so far, there is no previous study. Canal scouting and preflaring are the first phases of root canal instrumentation.[19] The occurrence of canal modifications and aberrations seems to be significantly reduced when the glide path is previously created.[10],[11],[21] Using a small-size hand K-file followed by a more flexible and less tapered NiTi rotary file might be less invasive and also a safer method to construct a glide path that better maintains the original canal anatomy, compared with manual preflaring performed with a stainless steel K-file.[22]
It becomes clear from this study that the use of flexible NiTi hand instruments of a size larger than ten should be reduced when a predictable and repeatable scouting can be obtained using small stainless steel hand files (sizes 06, 08, and 10). A predictable glide path can be safely and effectively obtained with NiTi rotary instruments, precluding the increased transportation required for bigger and less flexible stainless steel instruments. When compared to a rotary 20/0.04 glide path and SAF instrumentation, a glide path created by using #20 NiTi hand files and subsequent SAF instrumentation resulted in greater deviation of the canal. In many earlier studies, rotary files used for glide path preparation for different file systems have been found more effective in preserving the root canal anatomy.[22],[23],[24],[25],[26]
Although simulated resin blocks fail to represent the anatomic variability of a human root canal system, they have been widely used to point out differences in performance of instruments under standardized experimental conditions. Studies suggest that the analysis of modifications in canal curvature after instrumentation is a reliable method to evaluate the tendency of a shaping technique to maintain the original canal anatomy or to straighten the curves.[22],[27]
In this study, a quantitative analysis was performed by observing the changes between pre- and post-instrumentation curvature. Previous studies have demonstrated the reliability of the experimental method used as well as its effectiveness in representing changes in canal curvature and in providing acceptable results.[28]
| Conclusion | | |
Within the limitations of the current study, a rotary file with 20/0.04 size used for creation of a glide path followed by SAF instrumentation in curved canals maintains the original root canal anatomy with less deviation and better canal concentricity when compared to the glide path prepared by 20/0.02 hand NiTi files with subsequent SAF instrumentation. This study was an attempt to test the new protocol proposed for using SAF in curved canals, and further investigations should be carried out in ex vivo conditions.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
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Correspondence Address:
Niharika Jain
Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Hitkarini Dental College and Hospital, Airport Road, Dumna Hills, Jabalpur - 482 004, Madhya Pradesh
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.212231
[Figure 1], [Figure 2], [Figure 3]
[Table 1] |
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