| |
|
|
| Year : 2015 | Volume
: 18
| Issue : 1 | Page : 66-69 |
|
| In vitro evaluation of Root ZX and Raypex 6 in teeth with different apical diameters |
|
|
Ugur Aydin, Emrah Karataslioglu, Fatih Aksoy, Cihan Yildirim
Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
Click here for correspondence address and email
| Date of Submission | 08-Oct-2014 |
| Date of Decision | 14-Dec-2014 |
| Date of Acceptance | 18-Dec-2014 |
| Date of Web Publication | 8-Jan-2015 |
|
|
 |
|
 Abstract | | |
Background: There is a growing interest about electronic apex locators for working length determination. There are several studies dealing with their performance in different conditions.
Aims: The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of Root ZX and Raypex 6 in teeth with different apical diameters.
Materials and Methods: Actual working length (AWL) of 80 single rooted teeth were determined as 0.5 mm short of apical foramen. The teeth were divided into 4 groups (n = 20). First group (G 0) included teeth with mature apices. Root canals of the other groups (G 32, G 57 and G 72) were enlarged until apical sizes of 0.32, 0.57 and 0.72 mm were obtained. Samples were embedded in alginate and electronic measurements (EM) were performed.
Statistical analysis: was achieved with Fisher exact test.
Results: Both devices revealed a high rate of success in G 0 and G 32. Their accuracy decreased significantly in G 57 and G 72 groups (P < 0.05). Intra-group results of Root ZX and Raypex 6 were similar (P > 0.05).
Conclusions: Root ZX and Raypex 6 are reliable in teeth with mature apices. At foramen diameters exceeding 0.57 mm, their accuracy is susceptible. Keywords: Apical constriction; electronic apex locator; Raypex 6; Root ZX; working length determination
How to cite this article:
Aydin U, Karataslioglu E, Aksoy F, Yildirim C. In vitro evaluation of Root ZX and Raypex 6 in teeth with different apical diameters. J Conserv Dent 2015;18:66-9 |
How to cite this URL:
Aydin U, Karataslioglu E, Aksoy F, Yildirim C. In vitro evaluation of Root ZX and Raypex 6 in teeth with different apical diameters. J Conserv Dent [serial online] 2015 [cited 2023 Jun 4];18:66-9. Available from: https://www.jcd.org.in/text.asp?2015/18/1/66/148899 |
| Introduction | |  |
Working length determination is crucial for the success of root canal treatment. Apical constriction, which is the narrowest part of the root canal and the connection site of periodontal and pulpal tissues is the recommended point for the apical terminal of working length. [1] To determine this critical point, a number of techniques, including tactile sensation, radiographs and electronic apex locators (EALs) are in daily use. [1] Although the radiographic method is widely used, it is unsatisfactory because it relies upon the interpretation of the clinician due to its two-dimensional image. [2] Furthermore, anatomic landmarks such as zygomatic arch and maxillary sinus may adversely affect the determination of working length with radiographs. [3] Positioning of apices on the lateral surfaces of the roots is another limitation of the radiographic method. [4]
To overcome these limitations of radiographic method, EALs are continually improving since the first device developed by Sunada. [5] Especially, during the last two decades advanced third-generation EALs such as Root ZX (J Morita, Tokyo, Japan) were introduced as their accuracy is not affected in the presence of electrolytes, irrigants, exudates and tissue remnants. [6] The diameter of apical foramen may also influence the accuracy of EALs. [7] Over-instrumentation, pulp necrosis at the early developmental stages of root formation and root resorptions are the main reasons for open apices. [8]
Raypex 6 (VDW, Munich, Germany) is the last member of Raypex series whose clinical performance was previously found to be successful with the evaluation of Raypex 4 and 5. [9],[10],[11] To the best of our knowledge, the only one study evaluating the performance of this new device was done by Moscoso et al. [12] They found that Raypex 6 is accurate 88.22% at ± 0.5 mm and 100% at ± 1mm. However, there is no study evaluating its performance in teeth with open apices.
For this reason, the present study aimed to evaluate the performance of Root ZX and Raypex 6 in teeth with both closed apices and open apices with different apical diameters.
| Materials and Methods | | |
Preparation of the samples
A total of 80 single rooted teeth with mature apices were selected for this study. The teeth were kept in 10% formaldehyde after extraction. Roots representing fractures, resorptions or any other anatomical irregularities were not included. Presence of only one straight non-calcified canal was confirmed with radiographs. Occlusal or incisal surfaces of the teeth were flattened with a diamond bur until a reliable reference point was obtained. Access cavities were prepared. A size 10 K-file was progressed throughout the root canal until it became visible at the apical foramen (AF) under stereomicroscope (Leica Microsystems) with a magnification of 20 ×. The file was withdrawn 0.5 mm from this point, the length between file tip and reference was measured with a digital caliper (Aydal, Istanbul, Turkey). This distance was recorded as actual working length (AWL). A new file was used for each tooth to avoid the misleading effect of the stoppers resulting from detente of them. Then all teeth were grouped as follows.
Group 0
Mature apex. Only EAL measurement was achieved.
Group 32
Canals were progressively enlarged until a size 30 K-file was advanced 1 mm beyond the AF.
Group 57
Canals were progressively enlarged until a size 55 K-file was advanced 1 mm beyond the AF.
Group 72
Canals were progressively enlarged until a size 70 K-file was advanced 1 mm beyond the AF. Thus, an apical widening of 0.32 mm, 0.57 mm and 0.72 mm was obtained.
EAL measurements
After determining AWLs, measurements with EALs were achieved. All samples were embedded in an alginate-filled mold. The lip clip was inserted in alginate. Canals were rinsed with 2.5% NaOCl and excess of NaOCl was removed from pulp chamber with a cotton pellet. The EAL measurements were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. For group 0, a K-file snugging the apical region at the working length was attached to the EALs while master apical files were selected for other groups. The file was advanced throughout the canals until the working length. For Root ZX, working length determination was established at the point when the screen displays the line just in the middle of apex and 1 marks which corresponds to 0.5 mm short of radiologic apex. For Raypex 6, the third green line, just before the yellow lines, which corresponds to 0.5 mm short of radiographic apex was determined for working length. The measures were recorded as electronic measurement (EM) if they were stable for at least 5 seconds.
Data analysis
The results of two apex locators were assessed both inter-group and intra-group. Statistical analysis was performed with Fisher exact test. Significance was set at P < 0.05.
| Results | | |
[Table 1] and [Table 2] represent the accuracy of Root ZX and Raypex 6 within ± 0.5 mm and ± 1 mm. Within ± 0.5 mm, both devices performed best at G 0 and G 32 (P > 0.05). Their accuracy significantly decreased at G 57 and G 72 (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between G 0 and G 32. Also there was no significant difference between G 57 and G 72. | Table 1: The distance of file EMs to AWLs for Root ZX. *0 indicates EM is exactly the same as AWL. Negative values indicate EM is shorter than AWL. Positive values indicate EM is exceeding AWL
Click here to view |
 | Table 2: The distance of file EMs to AWLs for Raypex 6. *0 indicates EM is exactly the same as AWL. Negative values indicate EM is shorter than AWL. Positive values indicate EM is exceeding AWL
Click here to view |
The inter-group evaluation of the two apex locators was represented in [Table 3]. Root ZX and Raypex 6 revealed similar results in each group (P > 0.05). | Table 3: The inter-group (two EALs in the same apical diameter size) comparison of the accuracy of the two apex locators within ± 0.5 mm in each group
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
Numerous studies emphasized the importance of accurate working length determination. [6],[13],[14] Negishi et al., [15] stated that the best treatment outcomes may be obtained within a distance of 0-2 mm from radiographic apex. However, ElAyouti et al., [3] found that instrumentation within a distance of 0-2 mm from radiographic apex resulted in over-instrumentation in 51% of premolars and 22% of molars and concluded that radiographic measurement should be supplied with electronic measurement. Inadequate instrumentation leads to inadequate cleaning and shaping while over-instrumentation may result in extrusion of debris and irrigants. Especially, in teeth with open apices, it is challenging to accurately determine the working length and to avoid complications mentioned above. Akisue et al., [8] evaluated the performance of 5 EALs in teeth with different apical diameters and found that the accuracy of iPex and Propex II apex locators reduced significantly with increasing apical diameter. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of Root ZX and Raypex 6 in teeth with both mature and open apices.
The success of Root ZX was proved with several studies and the accuracy of different EALs were compared to that of Root ZX. [2],[5],[16],[17] In accordance with previous studies, [2],[4],[18],[19] the results of the present study represented that Root ZX revealed success rate of 80% within ± 0.5 mm and 100% within ± 1 mm in teeth with mature apices.
For open apices, the accuracy of Root ZX varies. In two studies of Herrera et al., [20],[21] the ratio of acceptable measurements for Root ZX decreased with the increasing diameter exceeding 0.6 mm and 1.02 mm, respectively. In the study of Akisue et al., [8] the performance of Root ZX was evaluated in teeth with apical diameters of 0.27 mm, 0.47 mm and 0.72 mm. The results revealed that despite the success of Root ZX decreased with increasing apical diameter, there was no statistically significant difference. In accordance with the studies of Herrera et al., [20],[21] in the present study the accuracy of Root ZX decreased at 0.57 mm and 0.72 mm within ± 0.5 mm. According to Nguyen et al., [22] Root ZX determines the narrowest region of the root canal even if the apical constriction is disturbed. We hypothesize that with increasing apical size, the taper toward apex disappears and canal walls become parallel. This may be the reason why the accuracy of Root ZX decreased in G 57 and G 72.
But it must not be omitted that the size of file used for electronic measurement is also important. The studies of Ebrahim et al., [23],[24] and Herrera et al., [20],[21] pointed out that the file size should be as close as possible to the apical diameter for the accuracy of the results. In the present study, the first file snugging in the apical region for Group 0 and the master apical file for other groups were attached to the EALs.
Raypex is another widely used EAL. Stober et al., [11] evaluated the clinical performance of Raypex 5 found that it is 75% accurate to ± 0.5 mm and 100% to ± 1mm. Furthermore in the study of Somma et al., [9] the accuracy of Raypex 5 is high. The previous model of this device-Raypex 4 was evaluated by ElAyouti et al., [10] in teeth with root resections. They found that the accuracy of Root ZX with a ratio of 90% was higher than Raypex 4 with a ratio of 74% within ± 1 mm. They also revealed that the success of Raypex 4 reduces with increasing apical diameter. As of yet, there is only one study evaluating the performance of Raypex 6, which was achieved by Moscoso et al. [12] They found that Raypex 6 detected apical foramen in 88.22% of all cases within ± 0.5 mm and 100% within ± 1 mm. In accordance with their study, the results of the present study revealed that Raypex 6 was 85% and 95% successful within ± 0.5 mm and within ± 1 mm, respectively in teeth with mature apices. The ratio of acceptable measures decreased slightly in group 32 but significantly in group 57 and 72. As reported in the study of ElAyouti et al., [10] and similar to Root ZX, the success of Raypex 6 decreased when the apical diameter exceeds over 0.57 mm. When it was considered that EALs determine apical constriction, this result may be associated with complete disruption of this apical constriction. As mentioned above, file sizes exceeding 55-60 changes the conical shape of root canals to a parallel configuration. This may be another reason for inaccurate readings. Furthermore, as ElAyouti et al., stated, [10] electro-conductivity of the dentine walls, the presence of apical ramifications may also influence the accuracy of EALs.
In contrary to the study of ElAyouti et al., [10] there was no significant difference between Root ZX and Raypex 6. These results indicate that the manufacturer enhanced the accuracy with Raypex 6 compared to Raypex 4. The manufacturer claims that Raypex 6 utilizes the latest multi-frequency apex locator technology and by this way displays precise results. Differences in the results may be also related to the type of teeth used. They used premolars and molars while the present study utilized single-rooted teeth including incisors and mandibular premolars. For this reason the results should be supported with further studies including different types of teeth.
In vitro studies evaluating EALs utilized alginate, [5],[19],[20],[21] saline, [6],[16] agar, [18],[23],[24] gelatin [17] and other chemicals [4],[8] to simulate the apical electro-conductivity for electronic measurements. Baldi et al., [25] compared the effectiveness of alginate, agar, gelatin, saline and sponge soaked in saline and despite the lack of a significant difference among the groups, alginate was found to be superior to other groups. Alginate is an electroconductive material, which simulates periodontal ligament with its colloidal consistency. [26] The present study utilized alginate as a conductive media. In the studies of Lucena-Martin et al., [13] and D'Assuncao et al., [19] working length determination was established within 2 hours after setting of alginate in order to avoid the loss of humidity. However, Lipski et al., [26] completed the measurements in 30 minutes. In accordance with this study, we preferred to achieve EAL measurements within 30 minutes after setting of alginate to avoid excessive loss of humidity.
Studies evaluating the accuracy of EALs may be performed both in vivo and in vitro. In the study of Duran-Sindreu et al., [27] the accuracy of Root ZX was determined in vivo and in vitro. They concluded that no significant difference was present between in vivo and in vitro groups. Ebrahim et al., [28] stated that in vitro studies provide objective evaluation of different variables, which cannot be obtained with in vivo studies. Furthermore, Briseno-Marroquin et al., [18] pointed out that in vitro studies may include much more number of samples, which allow more reliable statistical analyses and repeated measurements with different EALs and file sizes. The authors of the present study preferred to evaluate in vitro reading to better achieve standardization and to repeat measurements in teeth with different apical diameters.
| Conclusion | | |
As a result, the present study revealed that both Root ZX and Raypex 6 are highly reliable in teeth with mature apices while their accuracy decreases with increasing diameter. Further in vitro and in vivo studies may be beneficial especially to better evaluate the accuracy of Raypex 6.
| Acknowledgement | | |
The authors deny any conflict of interest and financial support related to this study.
| References | | |
| 1. | Heo MS, Han DH, An BM, Huh KH, Yi WJ, Lee SS , et al. Effect of ambient light and bit depth of digital radiograph on observer performance in determination of endodontic file positioning. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2008;105:239-44.  |
| 2. | Stober EK, Duran-Sindreu F, Mercade M, Vera J, Bueno R, Roig M. An evaluation of root ZX and iPex apex locators: An in vivo study. J Endod 2011;37:608-10. |
| 3. | Elayouti A, Weiger R, Lost C. Frequency of overinstrumentation with an acceptable radiographic working length. J Endod 2001;27:49-52. |
| 4. | Mancini M, Felici R, Conte G, Costantini M, Cianconi L. Accuracy of three electronic apex locators in anterior and posterior teeth: An ex vivo study. J Endod 2011;37:684-7. |
| 5. | Tinaz AC, Sevimli LS, Gorgul G, Turkoz EG. The effects of sodium hypochlorite concentrations on the accuracy of an apex locating device. J Endod 2002;28:160-2. |
| 6. | Goldberg F, De Silvio AC, Manfre S, Nastri N. In vitro measurement accuracy of an electronic apex locator in teeth with simulated apical root resorption. J Endod 2002;28:461-3. |
| 7. | Saito T, Yamashita Y. Electronic determination of root canal length by newly developed measuring device. Influences of the diameter of apical foramen, the size of K-file and the root canal irrigants. Dent Jpn (Tokyo) 1990;27:65-72. |
| 8. | Akisue E, Gratieri SD, Barletta FB, Caldeira CL, Grazziotin-Soares R, Gavini G. Not all electronic foramen locators are accurate in teeth with enlarged apical foramina: An in vitro comparison of 5 brands. J Endod 2014;40:109-12. |
| 9. | Somma F, Castagnola R, Lajolo C, Paterno Holtzman L, Marigo L. In vivo accuracy of three electronic root canal length measurement devices: Dentaport ZX, Raypex 5 and ProPex II. Int Endod J 2012;45:552-6. |
| 10. | ElAyouti A, Kimionis I, Chu AL, Lost C. Determining the apical terminus of root-end resected teeth using three modern apex locators: A comparative ex vivo study. Int Endod J 2005;38:827-33. |
| 11. | Stober EK, de Ribot J, Mercade M, Vera J, Bueno R, Roig M , et al. Evaluation of the Raypex 5 and the Mini Apex Locator: An in vivo study. J Endod 2011;37:1349-52. |
| 12. | Moscoso S, Pineda K, Basilio J, Alvarado C, Roig M, Duran-Sindreu F. Evaluation of Dentaport ZX and Raypex 6 electronic apex locators: An in vivo study. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2014;19:e202-5. |
| 13. | Lucena-Martin C, Robles-Gijon V, Ferrer-Luque CM, de Mondelo JM. In vitro evaluation of the accuracy of three electronic apex locators. J Endod 2004;30:231-3. |
| 14. | Leonardo MR, Silva LA, Nelson-Filho P, Silva RA, Raffaini MS. Ex vivo evaluation of the accuracy of two electronic apex locators during root canal length determination in primary teeth. Int Endod J 2008;41:317-21. |
| 15. | Negishi J, Kawanami M, Ogami E. Risk analysis of failure of root canal treatment for teeth with inaccessible apical constriction. J Dent 2005;33:399-404. |
| 16. | Meares WA, Steiman HR. The influence of sodium hypochlorite irrigation on the accuracy of the Root ZX electronic apex locator. J Endod 2002;28:595-8. |
| 17. | Guise GM, Goodell GG, Imamura GM. In vitro comparison of three electronic apex locators. J Endod 2010;36:279-81. |
| 18. | Briseno-Marroquin B, Frajlich S, Goldberg F, Willershausen B. Influence of instrument size on the accuracy of different apex locators: An in vitro study. J Endod 2008;34:698-702. |
| 19. | D'Assuncao FL, de Albuquerque DS, de Queiroz Ferreira LC. The ability of two apex locators to locate the apical foramen: An in vitro study. J Endod 2006;32:560-2. |
| 20. | Herrera M, Abalos C, Lucena C, Jimenez-Planas A, Llamas R. Critical diameter of apical foramen and of file size using the Root ZX apex locator: An in vitro study. J Endod 2011;37:1306-9. |
| 21. | Herrera M, Abalos C, Planas AJ, Llamas R. Influence of apical constriction diameter on Root ZX apex locator precision. J Endod 2007;33:995-8. |
| 22. | Nguyen HQ, Kaufman AY, Komorowski RC, Friedman S. Electronic length measurement using small and large files in enlarged canals. Int Endod J 1996;29:359-64. |
| 23. | Ebrahim AK, Wadachi R, Suda H. An in vitro evaluation of the accuracy of Dentaport ZX apex locator in enlarged root canals. Aust Dent J 2007;52:193-7. |
| 24. | Ebrahim AK, Yoshioka T, Kobayashi C, Suda H. The effects of file size, sodium hypochlorite and blood on the accuracy of Root ZX apex locator in enlarged root canals: An in vitro study. Aust Dent J 2006;51:153-7. |
| 25. | Baldi JV, Victorino FR, Bernardes RA, de Moraes IG, Bramante CM, Garcia RB , et al. Influence of embedding media on the assessment of electronic apex locators. J Endod 2007;33:476-9. |
| 26. | Lipski M, Trabska-Swistelnicka M, Wozniak K, Dembowska E, Drozdzik A. Evaluation of alginate as a substitute for root-surrounding tissues in electronic root canal measurements. Aust Endod J 2013;39:155-8. |
| 27. | Duran-Sindreu F, Stober E, Mercade M, Vera J, Garcia M, Bueno R , et al. Comparison of in vivo and in vitro readings when testing the accuracy of the Root ZX apex locator. J Endod 2012;38:236-9. |
| 28. | Ebrahim AK, Wadachi R, Suda H. Ex vivo evaluation of the ability of four different electronic apex locators to determine the working length in teeth with various foramen diameters. Aust Dent J 2006;51:258-62. |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Ugur Aydin
Gaziantep University, Dentistry Faculty, ?ehitkamil - 27060, Gaziantep
Turkey
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.148899
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3] |
|
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
Influence of heat treatment of nickel–titanium instruments on the accuracy of an electronic apex locator integrated with endodontic motor |
|
| HermanoCamelo Paiva, Eduardo Akisue, GeorgeTáccio de Miranda Candeiro, Iandarade Lima Scardini, CelsoLuiz Caldeira, Giulio Gavini | | Journal of Conservative Dentistry. 2022; 25(6): 596 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Accuracy of working length measurement by Raypex 6: Electronic apex locator versus actual measurements under stereomicroscope |
|
| Begum Peker, Yelda Hepsenoglu, Seyda Ersahan, Tan Eyuboglu | | Balkan Journal of Dental Medicine. 2022; 26(1): 15 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 3 |
Measuring the Canal Length - A Review |
|
| Simran Verma, Mandeep S. Grewal, Anshul Arora, Ashtha Arya, Vipul Gupta | | Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences. 2021; 10(33): 2824 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 4 |
Influence of calcium hydroxide residues after using different irrigants on the accuracy of two electronic apex locators: An in vitro study |
|
| NooshinSadat Shojaee, Zahra Zaeri, MohammadMehdi Shokouhi, Fereshteh Sobhnamayan, Alireza Adl | | Dental Research Journal. 2020; 17(1): 48 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 5 |
Comparison of Four Electronic Apex Locators in Detecting Working Length: An Ex Vivo Study |
|
| Mehmet Yolagiden, Seyda Ersahan, Gokhan Suyun, Erturk Bilgec, Cumhur Aydin | | The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice. 2018; 19(12): 1427 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Article Access Statistics | | | Viewed | 5439 | | | Printed | 102 | | | Emailed | 0 | | | PDF Downloaded | 262 | | | Comments | [Add] | | | Cited by others | 5 | | |
|
|
